Biostatistics Review for CFAR Investigators

Lecture Notes:

• Statistics review 1: Presenting and summarising data
  • Key learning points
  • Summary Statistics
  • Common distributions and simple transformations
• Statistics review 2: Samples and populations
  • Key learning points
  • The Normal distribution
  • Area under normal curve
  • From sample to population
  • The standard error and confidence interval
  • Confidence intervals for smaller samples
  • Exercises
• Statistics review 3: Hypothesis testing and P values
  • Key learning points
  • What is a p-value?
  • Effect of sample size
  • Exercises
• Statistics review 4: Sample Size calculations
  • Key learning points
  • Power
  • Factors that affect sample size calculations
  • Exercises
• Statistics review 5: Comparison of means
  • Key learning points
  • Comparison of a single mean with a hypothesized value
  • Comparison of two means arising from paired data
  • Comparison of two means arising from unpaired data
  • Assumptions and limitations
  • Exercise
• Statistics review 6: Nonparametric methods
  • Key learning points
  • The sign test
  • Sign test for paired data
  • The Wilcoxon signed rank test
  • The Wilcoxon rank sum or Mann–Whitney test
  • Advantages of nonparametric methods
  • Disadvantages of nonparametric methods
• Statistics review 7: Correlation and regression
  • Key learning points
  • Scatter diagram
  • Correlation
  • Hypothesis test of correlation
  • Confidence interval for the population correlation coefficient
  • Regression
  • Hypothesis tests and confidence intervals
  • Analysis of variance
  • Coefficient of determination
  • Prediction
  • Exercises
• Statistics review 8: Qualitative data – tests of association
  • Key learning points
  • Categorical data
  • \(\chi^2\) test of association
  • Residuals
  • Two by two tables
  • Fisher’s exact test
  • Yates’ continuity correction
  • Test for trend
  • Measurement of risk
  • Testing for difference between two proportions
  • Matched samples
  • Exercises
• Statistics review 9: One-way analysis of variance
  • Key learning points
  • Multiple comparisons
  • One-way analysis of variance
  • Multiple comparison procedures
  • Contrasts
  • Exercise
• Statistics review 10: Further nonparametric methods
  • Key learning points
  • Kruskal–Wallis test
  • The Jonckheere–Terpstra test
  • The Friedman Test
  • Exercise
• Statistics review 11: Assessing risk
  • Key learning points
  • Data
  • Relative risk
  • Odds ratio
  • Attributable risk
  • Risk measurements in clinical trials
  • Risk difference
  • Number needed to treat
  • Exercise
• Statistics review 12: Survival analysis
  • Key learning points
  • Survival Data
  • Estimating the survival curve using the Kaplan–Meier method
  • Comparing survival curves of two groups using the log rank test
  • Cox’s proportional hazards model
  • Exercise
• Statistics review 13: Receiver operating characteristic
  • Key learning points
  • Data
  • Sensitivity and specificity
  • Positive and negative predictive values
  • Effect of prevalence
  • Likelihood ratios
  • Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC)
• Statistics review 14: Logistic regression
  • Key learning points
  • Maximum likelihood estimation
  • Data with binary outcomes
  • Getting odds ratios
  • Making predictions
  • Exercise

Indices and tables

• Index
• Module Index
• Search Page