Grouping and Aggregation¶

Sorting data¶

In [1]:

head(iris, 6)

Out[1]:

	Sepal.Length	Sepal.Width	Petal.Length	Petal.Width	Species
1	5.1	3.5	1.4	0.2	setosa
2	4.9	3	1.4	0.2	setosa
3	4.7	3.2	1.3	0.2	setosa
4	4.6	3.1	1.5	0.2	setosa
5	5	3.6	1.4	0.2	setosa
6	5.4	3.9	1.7	0.4	setosa

In [2]:

ridx <- order(iris$Sepal.Length)
head(iris[ridx,], 4)

Out[2]:

	Sepal.Length	Sepal.Width	Petal.Length	Petal.Width	Species
14	4.3	3	1.1	0.1	setosa
9	4.4	2.9	1.4	0.2	setosa
39	4.4	3	1.3	0.2	setosa
43	4.4	3.2	1.3	0.2	setosa

In [3]:

ridx <- order(iris$Sepal.Length, decreasing = TRUE)
head(iris[ridx,], 4)

Out[3]:

	Sepal.Length	Sepal.Width	Petal.Length	Petal.Width	Species
132	7.9	3.8	6.4	2	virginica
118	7.7	3.8	6.7	2.2	virginica
119	7.7	2.6	6.9	2.3	virginica
123	7.7	2.8	6.7	2	virginica

In [5]:

ridx <- order(iris$Sepal.Length, iris$Petal.Length)
head(iris[ridx,], 4)

Out[5]:

	Sepal.Length	Sepal.Width	Petal.Length	Petal.Width	Species
14	4.3	3	1.1	0.1	setosa
39	4.4	3	1.3	0.2	setosa
43	4.4	3.2	1.3	0.2	setosa
9	4.4	2.9	1.4	0.2	setosa

In [6]:

ridx <- order(iris$Sepal.Length, -iris$Petal.Length)
head(iris[ridx,], 4)

Out[6]:

	Sepal.Length	Sepal.Width	Petal.Length	Petal.Width	Species
14	4.3	3	1.1	0.1	setosa
9	4.4	2.9	1.4	0.2	setosa
39	4.4	3	1.3	0.2	setosa
43	4.4	3.2	1.3	0.2	setosa

Trnasposing data¶

In [7]:

ir6 <- iris[sample(1:nrow(iris), 6, replace=FALSE),]
ir6

Out[7]:

	Sepal.Length	Sepal.Width	Petal.Length	Petal.Width	Species
112	6.4	2.7	5.3	1.9	virginica
146	6.7	3	5.2	2.3	virginica
56	5.7	2.8	4.5	1.3	versicolor
32	5.4	3.4	1.5	0.4	setosa
98	6.2	2.9	4.3	1.3	versicolor
129	6.4	2.8	5.6	2.1	virginica

In [8]:

t(ir6)

Out[8]:

	112	146	56	32	98	129
Sepal.Length	6.4	6.7	5.7	5.4	6.2	6.4
Sepal.Width	2.7	3.0	2.8	3.4	2.9	2.8
Petal.Length	5.3	5.2	4.5	1.5	4.3	5.6
Petal.Width	1.9	2.3	1.3	0.4	1.3	2.1
Species	virginica	virginica	versicolor	setosa	versicolor	virginica

Aggregation (Subgrouping)¶

In [9]:

mt10 <- mtcars[sample(1:nrow(mtcars), 10, replace=FALSE),]
mt10

Out[9]:

	mpg	cyl	disp	hp	drat	wt	qsec	vs	am	gear	carb
Dodge Challenger	15.5	8	318	150	2.76	3.52	16.87	0	0	3	2
Hornet Sportabout	18.7	8	360	175	3.15	3.44	17.02	0	0	3	2
Fiat 128	32.4	4	78.7	66	4.08	2.2	19.47	1	1	4	1
Merc 450SLC	15.2	8	275.8	180	3.07	3.78	18	0	0	3	3
Chrysler Imperial	14.7	8	440	230	3.23	5.345	17.42	0	0	3	4
Volvo 142E	21.4	4	121	109	4.11	2.78	18.6	1	1	4	2
Toyota Corolla	33.9	4	71.1	65	4.22	1.835	19.9	1	1	4	1
Merc 450SE	16.4	8	275.8	180	3.07	4.07	17.4	0	0	3	3
Mazda RX4	21	6	160	110	3.9	2.62	16.46	0	1	4	4
Porsche 914-2	26	4	120.3	91	4.43	2.14	16.7	0	1	5	2

In [10]:

with(mtcars, aggregate(mtcars, by=list(cyl=cyl), FUN=mean))

Out[10]:

	cyl	mpg	cyl	disp	hp	drat	wt	qsec	vs	am	gear	carb
1	4	26.66364	4	105.1364	82.63636	4.070909	2.285727	19.13727	0.9090909	0.7272727	4.090909	1.545455
2	6	19.74286	6	183.3143	122.2857	3.585714	3.117143	17.97714	0.5714286	0.4285714	3.857143	3.428571
3	8	15.1	8	353.1	209.2143	3.229286	3.999214	16.77214	0	0.1428571	3.285714	3.5

In [11]:

with(mtcars, aggregate(mtcars, by=list(cyl=cyl, gear=gear), FUN=median))

Out[11]:

	cyl	gear	mpg	cyl	disp	hp	drat	wt	qsec	vs	am	gear	carb
1	4	3	21.5	4	120.1	97	3.7	2.465	20.01	1	0	3	1
2	6	3	19.75	6	241.5	107.5	2.92	3.3375	19.83	1	0	3	1
3	8	3	15.2	8	355	180	3.075	3.81	17.35	0	0	3	3
4	4	4	25.85	4	93.5	66	4.08	2.26	19.185	1	1	4	1.5
5	6	4	20.1	6	163.8	116.5	3.91	3.1575	17.66	0.5	0.5	4	4
6	4	5	28.2	4	107.7	102	4.1	1.8265	16.8	0.5	1	5	2
7	6	5	19.7	6	145	175	3.62	2.77	15.5	0	1	5	6
8	8	5	15.4	8	326	299.5	3.88	3.37	14.55	0	1	5	6

Reshaping data¶

In [12]:

library(reshape2)
library(plyr) # needed for the . function

Warning message:
: package ‘plyr’ was built under R version 3.1.

Starting data frame¶

In [13]:

ID <- factor(rep(1:2, each=3))
Time <- rep(1:3, 2)
Gene1 <- c(0,5,10,10,5,0) + rnorm(6)
Gene2 <- c(0,5,10,0,5,10) + rnorm(6)
expt <- data.frame(PID=ID, Time=Time, Gene1=Gene1, Gene2=Gene2)
expt

Out[13]:

	PID	Time	Gene1	Gene2
1	1	1	-1.658798	-1.509927
2	1	2	6.422999	2.617535
3	1	3	8.703917	11.20532
4	2	1	11.80803	-0.9115341
5	2	2	4.670361	4.869456
6	2	3	-0.5982849	8.871238

“Melt” into a “tall” format with all values in a single column. This reuqires identifying all the columns that are needed to uniquely define a row value. In this csse, the “id” columns are “PID” and “Time”.

In [14]:

m.expt <- melt(expt, id=c("PID", "Time"), variable.name="Gene")
m.expt

Out[14]:

	PID	Time	Gene	value
1	1	1	Gene1	-1.658798
2	1	2	Gene1	6.422999
3	1	3	Gene1	8.703917
4	2	1	Gene1	11.80803
5	2	2	Gene1	4.670361
6	2	3	Gene1	-0.5982849
7	1	1	Gene2	-1.509927
8	1	2	Gene2	2.617535
9	1	3	Gene2	11.20532
10	2	1	Gene2	-0.9115341
11	2	2	Gene2	4.869456
12	2	3	Gene2	8.871238

Use dcast to reshape¶

Show the time series for each (PID, Gene) combination.¶

In [15]:

dcast(m.expt, PID + Gene ~ Time)

Out[15]:

	PID	Gene	1	2	3
1	1	Gene1	-1.658798	6.422999	8.703917
2	1	Gene2	-1.509927	2.617535	11.20532
3	2	Gene1	11.80803	4.670361	-0.5982849
4	2	Gene2	-0.9115341	4.869456	8.871238

Show the time series for each (Gene, PID) combination.¶

In [16]:

dcast(m.expt, Gene + PID ~ Time)

Out[16]:

	Gene	PID	1	2	3
1	Gene1	1	-1.658798	6.422999	8.703917
2	Gene1	2	11.80803	4.670361	-0.5982849
3	Gene2	1	-1.509927	2.617535	11.20532
4	Gene2	2	-0.9115341	4.869456	8.871238

Recreate the original data set¶

In [17]:

dcast(m.expt, PID + Time ~ Gene)

Out[17]:

	PID	Time	Gene1	Gene2
1	1	1	-1.658798	-1.509927
2	1	2	6.422999	2.617535
3	1	3	8.703917	11.20532
4	2	1	11.80803	-0.9115341
5	2	2	4.670361	4.869456
6	2	3	-0.5982849	8.871238

Show all data for each subject in a single row¶

In [18]:

dcast(m.expt, PID ~ Gene + Time)

Out[18]:

	PID	Gene1_1	Gene1_2	Gene1_3	Gene2_1	Gene2_2	Gene2_3
1	1	-1.658798	6.422999	8.703917	-1.509927	2.617535	11.20532
2	2	11.80803	4.670361	-0.5982849	-0.9115341	4.869456	8.871238

We can also aggregate while reshaping¶

What is the average expression value for each gene for each subject over all time points?¶

In [19]:

dcast(m.expt, PID ~ Gene, mean)

Out[19]:

	PID	Gene1	Gene2
1	1	4.489372	4.104311
2	2	5.293369	4.276387

What is the average expression value for each gene for each time point over all subjects?¶

In [20]:

dcast(m.expt, Time ~ Gene, mean)

Out[20]:

	Time	Gene1	Gene2
1	1	5.074616	-1.210731
2	2	5.54668	3.743496
3	3	4.052816	10.03828

Finally, we can perform subssetting on the named vairables.¶

For example, restrict the previous query to subject with PID= 1.

In [48]:

dcast(m.expt, Time ~ Gene, mean, subset = .(PID == 1))

Out[48]:

	Time	Gene1	Gene2
1	1	-1.658798	-1.509927
2	2	6.422999	2.617535
3	3	8.703917	11.20532

Merging data¶

A common task in data analysis is to link data from two or more datasts, for example, to relate assay data to clinical phenoytpe.

Here we will work thought a typical example where the genotype and phenoytpe information come from two different data sets, and the ID information needed to link the two is from a third data set.

In [22]:

phenodat <- read.csv("phenodat.csv")
gdat1 <- read.csv("gdat1.csv")
gdat2 <- read.csv("gdat2.csv")
iddat <- read.csv("iddat.csv")

Eyeball data sett¶

A quick sanity check to see what the data look like.

In [23]:

(dim(phenodat))
(dim(gdat1))
(dim(gdat2))
(dim(iddat))

Out[23]:

10
2

Out[23]:

11
3

Out[23]:

11
3

Out[23]:

20
2

In [24]:

head(phenodat, 3)

Out[24]:

	pid	trt
1	pid6	0
2	pid15	1
3	pid8	0

In [25]:

head(gdat1, 3)

Out[25]:

	expid	gene1	gene2
1	100020	-0.4321298	-0.2288958
2	100018	-1.318938	0.7935853
3	100013	1.242919	-1.334354

In [26]:

head(gdat2, 3)

Out[26]:

	expid	gene1	gene2
1	100009	-1.220512	-0.2416898
2	100008	0.2865486	1.685887
3	100007	-0.7717918	-1.070068

In [27]:

head(iddat, 3)

Out[27]:

	pid	expid
1	pid20	100020
2	pid9	100009
3	pid13	100013

Combine gene data from two data sets¶

Often, we have the same type of data stroed in mulitple data sets, for example, one per batch. In this case, we want to combine rows.

In [28]:

gdat <- rbind(gdat1, gdat2)

Checking for duplicates¶

In [29]:

show.dups <- function(df) {
    return(df[duplicated(df), ])
    }

In [30]:

show.dups(phenodat)

Out[30]:

	pid	trt

In [31]:

show.dups(iddat)

Out[31]:

	pid	expid

In [32]:

show.dups(gdat)

Out[32]:

	expid	gene1	gene2
13	100008	0.2865486	1.685887
15	100003	0.8867361	0.2760235
17	100004	-0.151396	-1.048976
18	100018	-1.318938	0.7935853
20	100011	0.8001769	-0.7729782
21	100001	-0.5996083	1.689873

Remove duplicates¶

In [33]:

gdat <- unique(gdat)

In [34]:

dim(gdat)

Out[34]:

16
3

In [35]:

show.dups(gdat)

Out[35]:

	expid	gene1	gene2

Merging¶

To combine columns from different data sets, we can perform a merge operation. Rows in the different data set need some common identifier to be merged, typcialy information from one or more “ID” columns.

Merge all rows with information for both phenotype and gene¶

First we merge phnenoytpe data with the ID data¶

In [36]:

(df1 <- merge(phenodat, iddat, by="pid", all.x=TRUE))

Out[36]:

	pid	trt	expid
1	pid1	0	100001
2	pid12	1	100012
3	pid15	1	100015
4	pid16	0	100016
5	pid17	0	100017
6	pid18	1	100018
7	pid20	0	100020
8	pid6	0	100006
9	pid7	0	100007
10	pid8	0	100008

Then we merge with gene data¶

In [37]:

(df2 <- merge(gdat, df1, by="expid"))

Out[37]:

	expid	gene1	gene2	pid	trt
1	100001	-0.5996083	1.689873	pid1	0
2	100007	-0.7717918	-1.070068	pid7	0
3	100008	0.2865486	1.685887	pid8	0
4	100015	0.3937087	1.233976	pid15	1
5	100017	-0.8864367	0.4120223	pid17	0
6	100018	-1.318938	0.7935853	pid18	1
7	100020	-0.4321298	-0.2288958	pid20	0

Note that there are now only 7 rows becasue 3 phenotypes did not have matching gene data.

What if we want to show all genes even if there is no matching phenotype data?¶

In [38]:

(df3 <- merge(gdat, df1, by="expid", all.x=TRUE))

Out[38]:

	expid	gene1	gene2	pid	trt
1	100001	-0.5996083	1.689873	pid1	0
2	100002	-0.1294107	1.228393	NA	NA
3	100003	0.8867361	0.2760235	NA	NA
4	100004	-0.151396	-1.048976	NA	NA
5	100005	0.3297912	-0.5208693	NA	NA
6	100007	-0.7717918	-1.070068	pid7	0
7	100008	0.2865486	1.685887	pid8	0
8	100009	-1.220512	-0.2416898	NA	NA
9	100011	0.8001769	-0.7729782	NA	NA
10	100013	1.242919	-1.334354	NA	NA
11	100014	-0.9343851	0.4958705	NA	NA
12	100015	0.3937087	1.233976	pid15	1
13	100017	-0.8864367	0.4120223	pid17	0
14	100018	-1.318938	0.7935853	pid18	1
15	100019	0.02884391	-0.1524106	NA	NA
16	100020	-0.4321298	-0.2288958	pid20	0

What if we want to show all phenotypes even if there is no matching gene data?¶

In [39]:

(df4 <- merge(gdat, df1, by="expid", all.y=TRUE))

Out[39]:

	expid	gene1	gene2	pid	trt
1	100001	-0.5996083	1.689873	pid1	0
2	100006	NA	NA	pid6	0
3	100007	-0.7717918	-1.070068	pid7	0
4	100008	0.2865486	1.685887	pid8	0
5	100012	NA	NA	pid12	1
6	100015	0.3937087	1.233976	pid15	1
7	100016	NA	NA	pid16	0
8	100017	-0.8864367	0.4120223	pid17	0
9	100018	-1.318938	0.7935853	pid18	1
10	100020	-0.4321298	-0.2288958	pid20	0

What if we want to show everything?¶

In [40]:

(df5 <- merge(gdat, df1, by="expid", all.x=TRUE, all.y=TRUE))

Out[40]:

	expid	gene1	gene2	pid	trt
1	100001	-0.5996083	1.689873	pid1	0
2	100002	-0.1294107	1.228393	NA	NA
3	100003	0.8867361	0.2760235	NA	NA
4	100004	-0.151396	-1.048976	NA	NA
5	100005	0.3297912	-0.5208693	NA	NA
6	100006	NA	NA	pid6	0
7	100007	-0.7717918	-1.070068	pid7	0
8	100008	0.2865486	1.685887	pid8	0
9	100009	-1.220512	-0.2416898	NA	NA
10	100011	0.8001769	-0.7729782	NA	NA
11	100012	NA	NA	pid12	1
12	100013	1.242919	-1.334354	NA	NA
13	100014	-0.9343851	0.4958705	NA	NA
14	100015	0.3937087	1.233976	pid15	1
15	100016	NA	NA	pid16	0
16	100017	-0.8864367	0.4120223	pid17	0
17	100018	-1.318938	0.7935853	pid18	1
18	100019	0.02884391	-0.1524106	NA	NA
19	100020	-0.4321298	-0.2288958	pid20	0

Rearrange column order¶

In [41]:

df2[, c(4,1,2,3,5)]

Out[41]:

	pid	expid	gene1	gene2	trt
1	pid1	100001	-0.5996083	1.689873	0
2	pid7	100007	-0.7717918	-1.070068	0
3	pid8	100008	0.2865486	1.685887	0
4	pid15	100015	0.3937087	1.233976	1
5	pid17	100017	-0.8864367	0.4120223	0
6	pid18	100018	-1.318938	0.7935853	1
7	pid20	100020	-0.4321298	-0.2288958	0

Sorting data¶

In [42]:

df2

Out[42]:

	expid	gene1	gene2	pid	trt
1	100001	-0.5996083	1.689873	pid1	0
2	100007	-0.7717918	-1.070068	pid7	0
3	100008	0.2865486	1.685887	pid8	0
4	100015	0.3937087	1.233976	pid15	1
5	100017	-0.8864367	0.4120223	pid17	0
6	100018	-1.318938	0.7935853	pid18	1
7	100020	-0.4321298	-0.2288958	pid20	0

In [43]:

df2[order(df2$expid),]

Out[43]:

	expid	gene1	gene2	pid	trt
1	100001	-0.5996083	1.689873	pid1	0
2	100007	-0.7717918	-1.070068	pid7	0
3	100008	0.2865486	1.685887	pid8	0
4	100015	0.3937087	1.233976	pid15	1
5	100017	-0.8864367	0.4120223	pid17	0
6	100018	-1.318938	0.7935853	pid18	1
7	100020	-0.4321298	-0.2288958	pid20	0

In [44]:

df2[order(df2$pid),]

Out[44]:

	expid	gene1	gene2	pid	trt
1	100001	-0.5996083	1.689873	pid1	0
4	100015	0.3937087	1.233976	pid15	1
5	100017	-0.8864367	0.4120223	pid17	0
6	100018	-1.318938	0.7935853	pid18	1
7	100020	-0.4321298	-0.2288958	pid20	0
2	100007	-0.7717918	-1.070068	pid7	0
3	100008	0.2865486	1.685887	pid8	0

In [45]:

df2[order(df2$pid, df2$expid),]

Out[45]:

	expid	gene1	gene2	pid	trt
1	100001	-0.5996083	1.689873	pid1	0
4	100015	0.3937087	1.233976	pid15	1
5	100017	-0.8864367	0.4120223	pid17	0
6	100018	-1.318938	0.7935853	pid18	1
7	100020	-0.4321298	-0.2288958	pid20	0
2	100007	-0.7717918	-1.070068	pid7	0
3	100008	0.2865486	1.685887	pid8	0

In [46]:

df2[order(df2$gene1, decreasing = TRUE),]

Out[46]:

	expid	gene1	gene2	pid	trt
4	100015	0.3937087	1.233976	pid15	1
3	100008	0.2865486	1.685887	pid8	0
7	100020	-0.4321298	-0.2288958	pid20	0
1	100001	-0.5996083	1.689873	pid1	0
2	100007	-0.7717918	-1.070068	pid7	0
5	100017	-0.8864367	0.4120223	pid17	0
6	100018	-1.318938	0.7935853	pid18	1

Grouping and Aggregation¶

Sorting data¶

Trnasposing data¶

Aggregation (Subgrouping)¶

Reshaping data¶

Starting data frame¶

Use dcast to reshape¶

Show the time series for each (PID, Gene) combination.¶

Show the time series for each (Gene, PID) combination.¶

Recreate the original data set¶

Show all data for each subject in a single row¶

We can also aggregate while reshaping¶

What is the average expression value for each gene for each subject over all time points?¶

What is the average expression value for each gene for each time point over all subjects?¶

Finally, we can perform subssetting on the named vairables.¶

Merging data¶

Eyeball data sett¶

Combine gene data from two data sets¶

Checking for duplicates¶

Remove duplicates¶

Merging¶

Merge all rows with information for both phenotype and gene¶

First we merge phnenoytpe data with the ID data¶

Then we merge with gene data¶

What if we want to show all genes even if there is no matching phenotype data?¶

What if we want to show all phenotypes even if there is no matching gene data?¶

What if we want to show everything?¶

Rearrange column order¶

Sorting data¶

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