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A Fiat Lux Seminar
- Winter 2006
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.Cultural Complexity:
Espionage, Cryptology and Psychological Operations
Human Complex Systems 19
Schedule
of Classes
Social Sciences Computing
- ClassWeb
Nicholas Gessler, Ph.D. gessler@ucla.edu
http://gessler.bol.ucla.edu/
Wednesdays, 10:00 –
10:50
Films: Wednesdays, 11:00 - 11:50 tba
CLICC Classroom A - Powell 307
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"The
world is a safer place because of successful intelligence on all sides."
Several
Anonymous Persons in the Trade
"In
times of fear people turn to fundamentalist mindsets, and I don't mean
that only in terms of religion. There's economic fundamentalism; there's
political fundamentalism, and so forth. And that's really a reducing of
the complexity to very clear black versus white, right versus wrong, issues.
When that happens, it is very easy for people to take stark, and harshly
polarized, points of view and simply lob bombs back and forth at one another
verbally. I think there is no question, that that is, to some extent,
the nature of the discourse in this country right now. And I long to have
us move to an understanding of the complex nature of these things."
Rusworth Kidder (President, Institute for Global Ethics). Radio
Interview, "The World," November 22, 2005
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"Espionage, Cryptology and Psychological
Operations," or what we might, more benignly, call “Intelligence, Secure
Communications and Propaganda” are the senses, thoughts and actions of the state,
a complex macrocosm of individuals who seek to decipher their adversaries’ will
while concealing their own and imposing their own will on target populations.
So secret is this work that only now are we beginning to see how these operations
were carried out in World War II, and how their complexity led to the origins
of computing. The classified dealings among nations today will probably only
become known several decades from now, when those in power today have retired
or died, when the information (or disinformation) is no longer strategic, and
when the details have become irrelevant to the invasive technologies of the
future.
We will explore the “intel,” “codes,” and
“psyops” of the “dark world” from a variety of sources. We will examine actual
cryptographic machines and related artifacts (from the instructor’s own
collection), observe and decrypt some enciphered
messages, read reports, declassified and captured government documents,
study private accounts in print and on the web, and separate fact from fancy
in contemporary film, all in order to understand how nations play these high-stakes
games. We will focus on the 20th and 21st centuries and
discuss the implications of these activities, which occur on a lesser scale
in the everyday life of individuals, for today’s social scientists and informed
citizens. How do we “really “know” what is going on? How do we ethically make
changes?
The course will meet one hour each week
in a PC equipped classroom where we will discuss questions raised by participants
based upon assigned material. We will get together another hour each week to
view films (probably the hour after class). Two books will be required; both
are critiques recently published by the CIA, which deal with the cultural and
psychological biases that prevent us from understanding other cultures. Other
materials (some included in a course reader) will be selected from print
publications, the Internet, recordings, documentary and fictional films according
to the specific interests that develop as the course progresses. Depending
upon circumstances, we will include topics that may arise in the news, activities
in and around campus, and if possible bring in guest speaker(s).
Grading: Pass/Fail based upon classroom
participation, discussions and presentations.
REQUIRED READINGS:
- Heuer, Richards J. Jr. Psychology of
Intelligence Analysis. Center for the Study of Intelligence, Central Intelligence
Agency, Washington, D.C. (1999). paperback, 183 pages
- Johnston, Rob. Analytical Culture in
the U.S. Intelligence Community – An Ethnographic Study. Center for the Study
of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency, Washington, D.C. (2005). paperback,
161 pages
SELECTED MATERIAL FROM OTHER SOURCES:
Print Publications:
- Daughtery, Williem E. and Morris Janowitz.
A Psychological Warfare Casebook. Tactics Division, Technical Memorandum
ORO-T-360. Published for Operations Research Office, The Johns Hopkins Press,
Baltimore (1958).
- Friedman, William F. and Charles J.
Mendelsohn. The Zimmerman Telegram of January 16, 1917 and its Cryptographic
Background. The War Department, Office of the Chief Signal Officer, US Government
Printing Office, Wachington (1938).
- Garnett, David. The Secret History
of PWE: The Political Warfare Executive 1939-1945. St. Ermin’s Press, London
(2002).
- Headquarters, Department of the Army.
“Psychological Operations, Techniques and Procedures.” Department of the
Army Field Manual, FM 33-5, October 1966.
- Headquarters, Department of the Army.
“Counterintelligence Operations.” Department of the Army Field Manual, FM
30-17, February 1968.
- Headquarters, Department of the Army.
“Intelligence Interrogation.” Department of the Army Field Manual, FM 30-15,
March 1969.
- Howe, Ellic. The Black Game: British
Subversive Operations Against the Germans During the Second World War. Queen
Anne Press, London (1982).
- Kahn, David. Kahn on Codes – Secrets
of the New Cryptology. MacMillan, New York (1986).
- Kahn, David. “Big Ear or Big Brother.”
In David Kahn, Kahn on Codes – Secrets of the New Cryptology. MacMillan,
New York (1986).
- Lerner, Daniel. Psychological Warfare
against Nazi Germany: The Sykewar Campaign, D-Day to VE-Day. MIT Press, Cambridge
(1949 and 1971).
- Psywar Society – An International Association
of Psychological Warfare Historians and Collectors of Aerial Propaganda Leaflets.
“The Falling Leaf Magazine.” (Various issues)
- Roberts, Martin. “’Cornflakes’: Using
Postal Forgeries to Place Anti-Nazi Literature on German Breakfast Tables.”
In The American Philatelist, August 1984.
- Schlesinger, Stephen. “Cryptanalysis
for Peacetime: Codebreaking and the Birth and Structure of the United Nations.”
In Selections from Cryptologia – History, People and Technology, by Cipher
A. Deavours, David Kahn, Louis Kruh, et al, Editors. Artech House, Boston
(1998).
- Yardley, Herbert. The American Black
Chamber. Bobbs-Merrill, Indianapolis (1931).
Internet Resources:
- Center for Cryptologic History, National
Security Agency. http://www.nsa.gov/cch/
- Miscellaneous: http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/geog/gessler/topics/crypto.htm
- Miscellaneous: http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/geog/gessler/topics/cryptology.htm
- National Cryptologic Museum, National
Security Agency. http://www.nsa.gov/museum/
- National Cryptologic Museum Foundation.
http://www.nationalcryptologicmuseumfoundation.com/
- The Psywar Society an international
association of psychological warfare historians and collectors of aerial propaganda
leaflets. http://www.psywarsoc.org/
- Rouse, Ed. Home of the Psywarrior: “Persuade-Change-Influence”
Psychological Operations. “Capture their minds and their hearts and souls
will follow” http://www.psywarrior.com/
- Richards, Lee. Psychological Warfare,
Psychological Operations (PSYOP), Black Propaganda, and Aerial Propaganda
Leaflets. http://www.psywar.org/
- Kirchner, Klaus. Propaganda Leaflets
– The Leaflet Collector. http://www.propaganda-leaflets.com/
- International Spy Museum, Washington,
D.C. http://www.spymuseum.org/siteintro.asp
Recordings:
- The
Conet Project – Recordings of Shortwave Numbers Stations. Irdial-Disc
59ird tcp1, England (2002).
Documentary Films:
- Decoding Nazi Secrets – Secrets that
Changed the War – and the World. Nova (1999), distributed by WGBH Boston
Video.
- Mostow, Jonathan, Director, A Submariner’s
WWII Experience: Vice Admiral Patrick Hannifin, USN. Bonus materials on the
Collectors Edition of Mostow et al U-571.
- Mostow, Jonathan, Director, Britain
Captures the U-110: Lt. Commander David Balme, R.N. Bonus materials on the
Collectors Edition of Mostow et al U-571.
- Kahn, David. Inside the Enigma. Bonus
materials on the Collectors Edition of Mostow et al U-571.
- Spies - Codebreaking: From the Ultra
Spies File and From the Magician and The Samurai File. The Columbia House
Company (1993), Distributed by MPI Home Video.
- U.S. Navy Archives, Capturing the U-505.
Newsreel. Bonus materials on the Collectors Edition of Mostow et al U-571.
- Woollard, William. Breaking the Codes:
The Rise of Enigma; The Triumph of the Codebreakers. Inca, London (2001),
distributed by Delta Entertainment.
Fictional Films:
- Baer, Robert and Stephen Gaghan, Screenwriters.
Syriana (a.k.a. See No Evil). Warner Brothers Pictures (2005).
- Mostow, Johathan, Sam Montgomery and
David Ayer, Screenwriters. U-571. Universal Studios (2000), Distributed
by Universal Pictures.
- Semple, Lorenzo, Screenwriter, 3 Days
of the Condor. Dino de Laurentiis (1975), distributed by Paramount Pictures.
- Stoppard, Tom, Screenwriter, Enigma.
Manhattan Pictures International (2002), Distributed by Sony Pictures.
end