Study Guide: Key Names, Concepts, Episodes
These are the lists constructed by teams in the class to aid us in constructing what we think is important to remember, for use in review and study for exams. Note that you also need, of course, to study your lecture notes. Most of the important concepts and images introduced in the lectures will be mentioned in the class notes available on the web, but you will need to rely on your notes to clarify what is meant by a given term or what is the significance of a given example. Likewise, these lists of key terms are only useful as a guide to which names to include or not: you will need to rely on your readings in Powell's textbook and our other source texts for the stories themselves, which are the heart of the course.
The first exam will cover through assignment 14. Notes on the format of the exam and some sample questions will be found by clicking here.
The second exam will cover through assignment 28. Notes on the format of the exam and some sample questions will be found by clicking here.
Background to Greek history and Sumerian culture
The important aspects of the background to Greek geography and history will come up in the context of the stories themselves, and at that point you will need to know these details. Thus Thebes you will come to know in the context of the Oedipus stories, Crete in the context of Theseus, Minos, and the Minotaur, and so forth. This reading is intended then as an overview, to get you started.
But: if you don't already know this, make sure to get under your belt the terms "Mycenean Age", "Dark Age", "Archaic Period", "Classical Period", and "Hellenistic Period". As for geography, as a start make sure you know where Athens is, where and what the Peloponnesus is, and where Ionia is. And take notes as I point out new cities and areas in class.
The section on Near Eastern Myth is important background for your reading in Gilgamesh, but I don't require that you memorize specific information from that section. On Gilgamesh itself, see the note following.
The Epic of Gilgamesh, part 1(by William Johnson, provided as a model for our lists of key names, concepts, and episodes)
--Powell reading, pp. 618-624
*Allegory: the central term for this discussion
*Euhemerism: likewise central, also important that this term comes from a Greek named Euhemerus, who created the concept: "the thesis that gods once were human"-- or, more generally, the linkage of mythology with historical people or events
Other names such as Xenophanes, Theagenes, Plutarch, Palaephatus, seem more incidental to the main point of the reading, thus not included as key terms, though interesting.
--Gilgamesh reading, pp. 61-96
*Uruk: a main setting (know where it is! -Mesopotamia)
*Gilgamesh: main character
*Enkidu: main character
*Humbaba: a star of chapter 2, also a fun name to say aloud
*Ishtar: star of chapter 3, and an interesting goddess in any case (goddess of love / desire, here --interestingly-- always negative)
*Bull of Heaven: important supporting role in chap. 3, seems to symbolize drought (sort of: we'll talk about this in class)
*Anu: king of gods, thus too important to leave out (not really a very prominent character though)
*Story of the civilizing of Enkidu and how Enkidu and Gilgamesh became friends (chap. 1)
*Story of the journey to the forest and the killing of Humbaba (chap. 2)
*Story of Ishtar and Gilgamesh, and the Bull of Heaven (chap. 3
*Story of the death of Enkidu (chap. 3)
Many gods are mentioned just in passing, and thus don't seem worth memorizing in relation to these particular tales: such as Adad, Aruru, Ninurta, Nisaba, Sumaqan, or even Enlil (who, despite being an important god, is not prominent in this reading)
A couple of gods are somewhat minor figures, probably not worth actively memorizing, but should be recognized in the context of the tale:
*Shamash: god of sun, helps Gilg. & Enkidu in the forest
*Ninsun: Gilgamesh's mother
The Epic of Gilgamesh, part 2 (summary by Holly Mann, assisted by E. J. Crawford and Brendan Whitworth)
Chapter 4
*Utnapishtim-'The Faraway'; given immortality by the gods
*Siduri-'maker of wine'
*Urshanabi-the ferryman of Utnapishtim
Chapter 5
*Enlil-brings wrath of deluge upon Shurrupak
*Ea-warns Utnapishtin to build a boat
Chapter 6
Utnapishtim tells Gilgamesh the secret of everlasting life. He must get a plant for the ocean floor. On his way home a serpent snaches the plant. Gilgamesh returns to Uruk without everlasting life or the plant that will return his lost youth.
Chapter 7
Gigamesh finds that everlasting life is not in his destiny
Trojan Tales I: Homer's Iliad (summary by Gil Olvera, assisted by Joy Gicking)
*Atreus and Thyestes, sons of Pelops, who fight for throne of Mycenae; seek revenge on each other
*Tyndareus, king of Sparta, marries Leda who bears four children. Two to Tyndareus and Two to Zeus.
*Dioscuri, Castor and Polydeuces, sons of Leda and protectors to sailors.
*Menelaus and Agamemnon, sons of Atreus; Menelaus marries Helen, the most beautiful woman in the world.
*Paris , son of the Trojan king Priam, raised by a shepherd in the country side after being orphaned.
*"Judging of Paris", Paris has to judge who the fairest goddess is, Aphrodite bribes him by offering him the best prize, the most beautiful woman on earth- Helen.
*Paris elopes with Helen after Menelaus goes away, source of the war.
*Achilles' anger towards Agamemnon for stealing his prize (a woman) from a raid on a city is the main subject of the Iliad.
*Hector, son of Priam, slays many Greeks but is eventually slain by Achilles because Hector killed Patroclus (Achilles' best friend) and stole his armor.
*Odysseus, one of Helen's suitors who fights for the Greeks.
Trojan Tales II: Homer's Iliad (summary by Lauren King, assisted by Todd Boerner and Amy Yule)
The Iliad, excerpts:
*Achilles: main character, matchless runner
*Agamemnon: main character, King of mortal kings
*Chryseis: Agamemnon's booty, daughter of the priest of Apollo, Chryses
*Briseis: Achilles' booty that Agamemnon takes
*Pallas Athena: sent by Hera to stop Achilles from killing Agamemnon
*Hera: wife of Zeus, queen of the immortals
*Thetis: mother of Achilles, pleads with Zeus
*Apollo: the son of Zeus that causes a plague because Agamemnon will not return Chryseis.
*Zeus: King of the Immortals, helps Achilles get his revenge against Agamemnon
*Thersites: the ugliest man who insults Agamemnon and poorly impersonates Achilles earlier performance
*Hector: friend of Paris', great general of Troy
*Paris: man that stole Helen
*Andromache: Hector's wife
Chapter 18:
-Paris and Apollo kill Achilles, and Ajax takes the body for burial.
-Achilles' armor was supposed to be awarded to the next best warrior, which should have been Ajax, but it is given to Odysseus instead. Ajax kills himself.
Even though most of the great heroes are dead, the war still rages on, Paris is killed. The Trojan Horse is thought of by Odysseus.
-The horse is left outside the gates of Troy, Laocoon, a priest of Poseidon, tries to warn the Trojans ("beware Greeks bearing gifts"), but he and his sons are killed by serpents, so the horse is dragged into the city.
The Trojans die, Priam and his son, Polites are killed. Menelaus kills Helen's new husband and brings her back with him.
Return of Odysseus: Homer's Odyssey(summary by Dustin Torsello,assisted by Katherine Dobbs andWilliam Harris)
CM 556-582: Chapter 20
- About ODYSSEUS and his return travel from Troy to his home in ITHACA, a trip which consisted of three years lost at sea and seven on OGYGIA with CALYPSO. Told partly in first-person narrative by Odysseus to those willing to listen.
THE JOURNEY FROM TROY ------------------
- Land of CICONES: Odysseus and crew plunder Ismarus, then stop to enjoy the loot, allowing the Cicones to attack, killing six men from each of twenty ships.
- Land of the LOTUS EATERS: local inhabitants use drug that makes them forgetful of their homes and of their purpose.
- POLYPHEMUS the CYCLOPS: son of POSEIDON, captures Odysseus and eats some of his men. Odysseus outsmarts cyclops by getting Polyphemus drunk then stabbing his eye with a heated olive-wood stake, escaping with Polyphemus's sheep.
- AEOLUS the Wind King: Gives Odysseus present of most dangerous winds. Crew mistakes it for gold, releases the winds and drives the fleet from the shores of Ithaca, which they had almosted reached.
- LAESTRYGONIANS the cannibals: They eat all of the crewmen in the fleet, save Odysseus and his ship's crew, who anchored thier ship elsewhere.
- CIRCE on AEAEA: Turned most of Odysseus's crew into pigs. Odysseus defies her magic and ends up sleeping with her, after which his men are returned to normal.
- Island of the SIRENS: They have the head and breasts of women and a body and wings of birds. They sing song that bring mortals to their death. Odysseus stops up crew's ears with wax to avoid the temptation. He ties himself to the mast of the boat till they pass safely. - CHARYBDIS and SCYLLA: A whirlpool and a monster containing twelve feet and six heads, repectively, situated next to one another. Scylla eats some men.
- Thrinacia island of HELIUS, the sun god: Crew devours magic cattle against Odysseus' will. ZEUS smashes ship with thunderbolt after getting complaints from Helius - only Odysseus survives.
- OGYGIA island of CALYPSO: Odysseus resides here for seven years. He was offered eternal life if he would just marry Calypso, but he longs for home.
RETURN TO ITHACA ------------------
- PHAEACIA and NAUSICAA: The maiden, Nausicaa, finds Odysseus washed up on shore of Scheria, a PHAEACIAN island, and transports Odysseus back to Ithaca.
- ITHACA: The home of Odysseus and family. It has been 20 years since Odysseus has been here... 10 in Troy, 3 at sea, and 7 on OGYGIA.
- TELEMACHUS: He is Odysseus's son and together, they plan revenge on the suitors who are trying to get PENELOPE and the estate.
- ARGUS the dog: Odysseus' old faithful dog. Dies when Odysseus returns.
- EURYCLEA the nurse: She recognized Odysseus due to boar scar on his thigh.
- PENELOPE the wife: She holds a contest for suitors to string Odysseus' bow. Odysseus (disguised as a beggar) wins and slays all the suitors. Proves to his wife that he is Odysseus by the secret of the tree trunk as the bed post.
Birth of the Cosmos: Hesiod's Theogony(summary by Jessica Rennie,assisted by Kelly Morgan and Jeremy Pronchik)
*Hesiod- author of * The Theogony
*Theogony- explains the origins of gods and their rise to power
*Cosmogony- explains origin of the world
The first 3 Greek gods are: *Chaos (gap, separation, chasm), *Gaea (earth), and *Tartarus (gloom below the earth). Later, *Eros (sexual love) came into being.
*Gaea asexually bore *Pontus (sea) and *Uranus (sky). Gaea and Uranus then produced 12 *Titans, 3 *Cyclopes, and 3 *Hecatonchires (each having 50 heads and 100 arms).
*Cronus, the youngest Titan cut off his father Uranus's genitals to make room for the sky. The blood caused the Furies and the giants to be born. *Aphrodite is born from the sperm. Cronus then takes over the world and swallows his wife *Rhea's children for fear that they will usurp his power. One child, *Zeus, born in secret causes Cronus to throw up his siblings. The 6 gods then ruled Olympus, Zeus being the leader.
*Zeus battles with the *Titans, *Typhoeus, and the *giants to keep his power. Lightning was created for Zeus.
*Zeus marries *Metis (cleverness) and swallows her to prevent a second child from being born. Later *Athena, Metis's first child, springs out of Zeus from a gash in his head.
The 3 main gods then split up the world. *Zeus-heaven, *Poseidon-sea, *Hades-underworld
*Enuma Elish- Babylonian creation myth (of the below, be able to describe what is parallel to the Greek stories of cosmogony and theogony: the names are less important, but you should know at leastMarduk and Kumarbi)
Apsu (fresh water) and Timiat (salt water) produce 4 generations of gods. Apsu wants to kill the noisy new gods, But Ea (Sumerian Enki) kills him first. Ea fathers *Marduk (Zeus equivalent)- the greatest god. Marduk creates many things from two sacrifices, including man from the blood of Kingu. Marduk divides the gods into those for the sky and those for the earth.
Hittite myth Alalush, king of heaven, overthrown by Anush. *Kumbarbi (Cronus equivalent) castrates Anush (Uranus equivalent) and then produces Ullikummi with a rock. Ullikummi given to Ubelluri, who is then overthrown. Teshub (Zeus equivalent) becomes the new king of heaven.
The Beginnings of Man and Woman: Hesiod's Works and Days(summary by Pamela Richardson,assisted by Cynthia Campbell and Mark Dooling)
*Prometheus -often said to be the maker of human beings. Known for cleverness, and the inventor of many things. He fashioned humans from mud and water.
Enki- the clever god Ki- Earth
Another creation version says that Enki and Ki created human beings to be slaves for the gods but individually each created defective human beings.
*Prometheus was a threat to *Zeus' power- after Prometheus tricked Zeus twice Zeus punished him by taking fire away from his mortals. Prometheus returned the fire to his humans but was sentenced to suffer for eternity by Zeus. Every night and eagle would eat out his liver for it to heal, and the same thing happen the nest night. Later Heracles killed the eagle, and Zeus did not object.
Hesoid's stories relating the decline of mankind-
*Pandora- explains origin of woman, marriage and suffering in the world. Zeus to punish manking creates Pandora, beautiful to look at on the outside, but bad from the inside. She opens a jar, and lets a variety of evils loose in the world.
*five races that Zeus created- 1.Golden race 2.Silver race 3.Bronze 4 Heroes 5 Iron (our age)
The *universal flood-
the earth was becoming over run by humans, and was becoming too noisy. the gods were upset at the noise, and Enlil formed a plan to rid the earth of the human population. But Ea secretly warned Atrahasis whom was good. Atrahasis built a boat which he filled with his family and animals. It rained for 7 days and nights. After the gods were upset that a human lived, and had to devise a plan to avoid an over-population problem from occuring again. They created barren women and still births.
Ovid's version differs in that those who survived the flood were *Deucalion (Prometheus' son) and his wife *Pyrrha (daughter of Pandora and Epimetheus)
Assignment #9, for Sept. 17
The Allusive Treatment of Myth: Greek Lyric
(summary by William A. Johnson, so that you can all concentrate on writing
wonderful papers)
The Greek *symposium: a tradition of private performance of songs after dinner, during which songs were sung to the lyre (among other instruments), hence "*Greek Lyric Poetry". The poet itself was occasional, often erotic, and evoked a world of nymphs, visitations by Aphrodite, and the like familiar to us from neo-classical and romantic English poetry. This fantastic world seems in many respects to mirror the fantasy world of our emotional being.
*Sappho, late 7th and early 6th century B.C. (love poetess from Lesbos)
Assignment #10, for Sept. 19 AND Assignment #11, for Sept. 22
Aeschylus, the Agamemnon: Trojan Tales revisited, & the house of Atreus(summary by Josh Roe, assisted by Melissa Montagino and Nate Musselman; with revision and supplement by Jaime Manoskey, assisted by Mike Emanuele and Alida McKee)
Argos- Agamemnon's homeland; he is returning to his palace in Argos after fighting in the Trojan War.
Tantalus- Atreus' father; Tantalus is eternally punished for serving his son Pelops to the gods at a banquet. As a result, he can never satisfy his hunger and thirst.
Atreus- Agamemnon's father; son of Pelops and brother of Thyestes.
Agamemnon- leader of the Greeks at Troy who is returning home after 10 years. Agamemnon is not aware that his wife, Clytemnestra, has been having an affair with Aegisthus and that they have plotted to kill him.
Aegisthus- son of Thyestes that was not eaten; he is Agamemnon's cousin. Aegisthus has been sleeping with Clytemnestra while Agamemnon has been away, and wants to be king after Agamemnon is dead.
Cassandra- Agamemnon's "prize" and Priam's daughter; she had an affair with Apollo after which he cursed her with the gift of prophesy (but no one would believe her)
Clytemnestra- Agamemnon's wife. She at first pretends to welcome him back, but then as he emerges from the bath, she throws a "net" over him and then stabs him to death. She does this as revenge for Agamemnon sacrificing their daughter, Iphegenia.
Thyestes- Atreus and Thyestes both want to be king when their father Pelops dies. Thyestes suggests that whoever could find the fleece of a golden lamb would be king. Atreus finds the golden fleece, but his wife, Aerope, is having an affair with Thyestes and secretly gives him the fleece. Atreus discovers that Thyestes acquired the fleece from his cheating wife. Atreus gets revenge by killing Thyestes' three boys and serving them to Thyestes at the banquet. Thyestes' curse of the cannibal feast hangs over the palace at Argos.
CM pp.551-555
Orestes Revenge
Orestes- Agamemnon's son who returns to Argos to avenge his father's murder by killing Clytemnestra, his mother.
Electra- Orestes' sister; she hates her mother for killing her father and plots the murder with Orestes.
Aegisthus- Clytemnestra's lover who is slayed by Orestes.
Clytemnestra- discovers Aegisthus' corpse and pleads for her own life by baring her breasts and recalling how she nursed him as a baby. Although Orestes hesitates, Pylades convinces him to kill her.
The Furies- the persecuting spirits of murdered kin. They surround Orestes and make him slip into madness. They are appealed to by the gods, but claim their ancient rights. When they become angered at Athena's verdict, she makes them beneficient spirits. Their new name, 'Eumenides' means "the kindly ones".
Athena- presides over the Athenian law court for the case against Orestes. She sees justice on both sides, so she turns the case over to a jury of 12 Athenians. She casts the final vote for Orestes because she is proof that children are a product of the man.
Apollo- advised Orestes to kill his mother; he takes up Orestes' case and Orestes is acquitted based on the idea that the child is of the father, not the mother. (The women are just the soil in which the seed is planted). Therefore, Orestes' murder of Clytemnestra was not the shedding of kindred blood.
Aeschylus- wrote Agamemnon in the Classical Period
Sophocles Class Notes (includes Freud, Structuralism)
The Sophoclean vision: House of Labdacus(summary by Todd Hansberger, assisted by Steve Gerrity and Brian McNulty)
*Oedipus: The king of the city Thebes. He became king after defeating the Sphinx who was plaguing Thebes by solving its riddle. Unknown to him, he killed the former king of Thebes, Laius, who was also his father. He then married his mother, Jocasta. He did not know any of this because he was orphaned as a baby and didn't know who his parents were.
*Creon: Oedipus' brother in law. He went to visit Teiresias on Oedipus' behalf. When he returns, Oedipus accuses him of conspiring with Teiresias against him. Creon protests his innocence, but Oedipus does not believe him.
*Teiresias: A blind prophet. Oedipus sends Creon to him in order to find out why there are so many problems. Teiresias says that Oedipus is the cause of the problems because he killed Laius, and prophecises that all will be clear to him soon. Oedipus mocks Teiresias and calls him a fraud.
*Jocasta: The wife and mother of Oedipus.
(Note: there is some repitition of the above with the summary of Oedipus Rex part 2, following)
The Sophoclean vision: House of Labdacus, ctd.(summary by Erin Healy, assisted by Frederick Dolce and Heather Scamuzzi)
Characters:
*Jocasta: Oedipus' wife and mother. She hangs herself when she realizes that Oedipus is the son that she sent to be exposed because the Oracle told them the son would kill his father and sleep with his mother.
*Polybus: king of Corinth; raised Oedipus; Oedipus thinks that Polybus is his father. *Merope was his wife.
*Herdsman: Oedipus, as an infant, was given to him by Jocasta and told to expose the child on the mountainside. He pitied the child and eventually passed the child along to a Corinthian peasant (the messenger) who gives the child to Polybus and Merope
*Creon: brother in law of Oedipus' who succeeds to the throne after he stabbed his eyes out. Oedipus also asks him to take care of his daughters Antigone and Ismene.
*Oedipus: lives in Corinth with Polybus and Merope who he assumes his parents. goes to the oracle at Delphi and hears he will kill his father and sleep with his mother, so he leaves town to escape his fate. on the way, he kills a traveler who angers him. he solves the riddle of the Sphinx in Thebes and becomes king of the city, for the king is dead, and marries the queen. he vows to find out who killed the king before him, Laius, and turns to Tieresias. when he finally finds out that his birth father was Laius and birth mother was Jocasta, the queen that he is now married and has children with, he blinds himself and banishes himself from the city of Thebes.
*Teiresias: the blind prophet (who sees the truth). sent by Creon. he tries to convince Oedipus to forget about finding the murderer and go on with his life, but Oedipus is impatient in his search for the truth behind the murder of Laius. he finally comes out and tells Oedipus that Oedipus is the killer of the king, causing Oedipus to accuse him of helping Creon to rise to higher power.
*Oracle at Delphi: the oracle of Apollo that told of the son of Laius who would kill his father and sleep with his mother. it later told Oedipus that he would do so, causing him to leave Polybus' palace in Corinth.
Plot Summary:
Once Oedipus takes on the mission of finding Laius' killer, he ignores, and is angered, and only more determined to find the killer by the urges of Teiresias to stop searching. Teiresias accuses Oedipus himself of being the killer. A messenger arrives telling of the death of the man Oedipus though to be his father, only to tell Oedipus that Polybus is not a blood relation to him. The messenger says a herdman of Laius gave Oedipus to him years ago. The herdsman joins the scene and confirms that Oedipus is the child of Jocasta and Laius that they had sent to be exposed. Jocasta, realizing this, hangs herself, then Oedipus being open to the truth of what has happened, blinds himself with the broach of Jocasta. Then he became knowledgeable of truth when he is blind, just as the blind Teiresias was knowledgeable of the truth.
Creon is called in and Oedipus begs him to take him out to Cithaeron, even after all the differences that the two have had in the past. Oedipus' two young daughters come to his side, and he weeps as he struggles to touch them. He goes on telling them of what a terrible life he has created for himself, and how his reputation will curse them for the rest of their lives. Oedipus tells them that because of what he has done no one will want to marry them. Oedipus asks Creon to raise his two daughters after he has gone to exile. At the closing of the reading, Creon takes Oedipus to a far off place to live the rest of his life in physical and mental pain.
Mythographers and Romans(summary by W. Johnson, with excellent assistanceby Daniel Henry and Jacob Lipmann)
*Europa - daughter of Agenor. Zeus falls in love with her, disguises himself as a bull and seduces her. He takes her to Crete where they have three children.
*Minos - son of Zeus and Europa. He marries Pasiphae. He asks Poseidon to raise a bull from the sea as a sign that he should be king. A bull rises from the sea and Minos becomes King of Crete, but he does not sacrifice the bull as he promised.
*Pasiphae - wife of Minos. As punishment for Minos not sacrificing the bull, Poseidon makes her fall in love with it. The bull impregnates her and she conceives the Minotaur.
*Minotaur - Man eating monster, with the body of a man and the head of a bull, imprisoned by Minos in the Labyrinth which was created by Daedalus.
*Theseus - His father is Poseidon. Volunteers to be a sacrifice to Minotaur. On his way to Crete has an argument with Minos and proves his glorious ancestry. He kills Minotaur with Ariadne's help and runs away with her. He then deserts her on an island and sails for home, where he becomes king.
*Ariadne - daughter of Minos and Pasiphae. She falls in love with Theseus and tells him how to kill Minotaur and escape Labyrinth (Daedalus tells her how-- strategm of the string). They leave Crete together but Theseus spurns her for betraying her father and deserts her on an island. Dionysus rescues her.
*Daedalus - Trickster-inventor who makes cow disguise for Pasiphae. He also makes the Labyrinth to hold the Minotaur. Minos imprisons him in the Labyrinth, for helping Ariadne help Theseus escape the Labyrinth. He makes wings with hot wax and feathers to escape the Labyrinth.
*Icarus - Daedalus' son who is also imprisoned in the Labyrinth. When the two escape with the homemade wings, Icarus flies too high in the sky. The wax melts and he plummets to his death.
Assignment #15 & 16: review, study for exam
=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= Exam #1 =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=
Part 2. Myth in Art: Iconography & the representation of unwritten traditions
Iconography class notes: Heracles, Medea & Jason, Perseus
Assignment #17, for Mo. Oct. 6
Heracles: iconography of the hero (summary by Eliza Mumma, assisted by Jennifer Napp and Pat Welsh)
Reading: CM 398-427
Heracles - greatest of Greek heros, son of Zeus, became a god
Alcmena - mother of Heracles Iphicles - Heracle's twin brother
Amphitron - father of Heracles
Hera - wife of Zeus, sent serpents to the crib to destroy Heracles
Linus - taught Heracles the lyre, Heracles smashed it over his head killing him
Megara - wife of Heracles, gave him three children, he went mad and killed them all
Tiryns - where Heracles parents lived
Eurystheus - man for whom Heracles performed the Twelve Labors
The Twelve Labors - punishment told by the Delphi for Heracles murdering his family, he was to be in servitude to Eurystheus
Nemean Lion - first labor, Heracles killed the lion and wore his pelt ever after
Lernaean Hydra - second labor, Heracles killed the many headed monster by burning each head as he severed it, he dipped his arrows in the Hydra's bile to make them poisonous
Ceryneian Deer - third labor, deer of Artemis which Heracles captured
Erymanthian Boar - fourth labor, captured by Heracles
Augeas - fifth labor, Heracles cleaned his filthy stables by recoursing a river to flow through them
Stymphalian Birds - sixth labor, Heracles killed the deadly birds
Cretan Bull - seventh labor, Heracles captured the bull
Horses of Diomedes - eigth labor, Heracles captured the flesh-eatting horse
Girdle of Hippolyta - ninth labor, Heracles took the Amazon queen, Hippolyta's girdle
Cattle of Geryon - tenth labor, Geryon was a monster with three bodies joined at the waist, Heracles captured his cattle
Apples of Hesperides - eleventh labor, Heracles brought back the apples of the Hesperides which grew on a magical tree
Prometheus - during the eleventh labor, Heracles killed the eagle which continually ate Prometheus' liver
Atlas - god who upheld the world, aided Heracles in the taking of the magical apples, tried to trick Heracles into permanintly holding the world up himself
Cerberus - twelfth labor, Heracles descended to the underworld and brought back the many-headed guard dog, Cerberus
Omphale - woman whom Heracles was forced to serve for three years as attonement for killing a guest-friend Atlas - god who upheld the world, tried to trick Heracles into holding up the world forever
Deianira - wife of Heracles
Achelous - river god whom Heracles wrestled in competition for Deianara
Nessus - centaur whom Heracles killed when he tried to rape Deianira, Nessus caused Heracles' death - he was struck by one of Heracles' arrows poisoned with the blood of Hydra, and he gave Deianira some of his blood which she used to poison Heracles
Prometheus - still nailed to a rock in Caucasus, Heracles killed the eagle who tormented Prometheus and set him free Cerberus - many headed guard dog of the underworld
Heraclids - the many children of Heracles
Medea, Jason & the Argonauts(summary by Matthew Keats, assisted by Libby Hubbard)
The Myths of Iolcus and Calydon:
Iolcus - home of Jason, from which he and the Argonauts depart on their voyage.
Phrixus and Helle - saved by a golden ram. Atop the back of the ram they escaped, never to be seen again. However, Helle fell from the ram to her death in the sea.
Pelias - arrogant and intolerant king of Thessaly. He sent Jason on the quest for the golden fleece. He was eventually killed by Medea.
Aeson - half-brother of Pelias, who was kept imprisoned in the palace. He was the father of Jason, and sent him to be raised by the centaur, Chiron.
Jason - main hero of the famous voyage to recover the golden fleece.
Argus - constructed the Argo, which was the largest ship ever built and could hold fifty men.
Argonauts - greatest fighting men in Greece, whom Jason summoned to aid him in his journey. Among them were Heracles, Orpheus, Castor and Polydeuces, Telamon the father of Ajax, and Peleus the father of Achilles. These are the more famous.
Lemnian women - insulted Aphrodite who punished them by causing a horrible smell to come from their bodies. They eventually killed all the men on the island out of jealousy. Their husbands had taken up new wives from mainland Thrace.
Hypsipyle - queen of Lemnos, who took Jason into her bed and bore him two sons. Only Heracles remained on the ship.
Hylas - boyfriend of Heracles. He was pulled into a spring by water nymphs, never to be seen again.
Amycus - a huge, bruttish king who challenged all passersby to box. He was beaten by Polydeuces.
Phineus - an old man who was punished by Zeus for abusing his prophetic powers. He had to endure a long and painful old age, and was made blind.
Harpies - tormented Phineus every day by swooping down and stealing his food and (going to the bathroom) on it.
Zetes and Calais - winged sons of the north wind who freed Phineus from the Harpies.
Symplegades or "Clashing Rocks" - they barred access to the Black Sea by smashing together and destroying everything that passed between them.
King Aeetes - king of Colchis who possessed the golden fleece.
Medea - daughter of Aeetes, and a sorceress. She falls in love with Jason and helps him steal the golden fleece from her father.
Apsyrtus - brother of Medea. Led a fleet from Colchis to pursue the Argo. Medea lured him into a trap so Jason could kill him.
Alcinous - king of the Phaenicians
Triton - water god who guided the Argo through Lake Tritonis back to the Mediterranean.
Creon - king of Corynth who banishes Medea from the city.
Glauce - Creon's daughter who Jason takes as his second wife. Both she and Creon are then killed by Medea.
Reading: CM 465-498
Assignment #19, for Fr. Oct. 10
Perseus; Gorgons & other monsters (summary by Kathleen Chevalier, assisted by Meghan Harte)
Reading: CM 379-397
The Legends of Perseus
*Perseus- hero who kills Medusa, he is the son of Zeus and Danae
Danae and the Shower of Gold
*Acrisius- King of Argos, drove Proetus away, father of Danae, was told that his grandson would kill him, so imprisoned Danae in a bronze chamber
*Danae- impregnated by Zeus through a shower of gold coins and conceived Perseus, cast out to sea with Perseus in a wooden box by her father Acrisius
*Dictys- fisherman who saved Danae and Perseus from drowning
*Polydectes- King of Seriphos, Dictys' brother who falls in love with Danae so sends Perseus to get Gorgons head
Perseus the Gorgon Slayer
*Gorgons- 3 sisters ->Stheno, Euryale, and Medusa , have golden wings, snake hair, and eyes that if you stare into will turn you to stone
*Graeae- Perseus grabbed their eye to get information on where the Gorgons could be found. Gave him the cap of Hades, winged sandals, and a leather pouch (used for invisibility, flight, and the pouch used to hold Gorgon's head) they share an eye and a tooth
*Medusa- The only mortal Gorgon who is the mother of Pegasus, she is slain by Perseus
*Gorgo- Possible origin of the Gorgon, a terrible glaring female demon first noted by Homer
*Pegasus- winged horse, child of Zeus and Medusa, "born" when Perseus cut off Medusa's head
Perseus and Andromeda
*Cassiopea- Andromedas mother, boasted she was more beautiful than the Nereids
*Andromeda- promised to Perseus when saved form sacrifice to Ceto, daughter of Cassiopea and Cepheus
*Ceto- sea-monster
Death of Acrisius
*Acrisius- father of Danae and grandfather of Perseus, dies when he is struck in the foot by Perseus' discus, thus fulfilling the prophecy that his grandson would kill him
Perseus Descendants and the birth of Heracles
*Alcmena- had Hercules by Zeus, grandmother of Heracles
*Iphicles- child of Alcmena and Amphitryon, half-brother of Heracles
*Amphitryon- son of Alcaeus
*Heracles- son of Zeus and Alcmena
FALL RECESS
Part 3. Myth in Religion: Olympians; mystery religions; hero cults
Introduction to Greek religion & the example of Zeus class notes
Assignment #20, for Wd. Oct. 15
Greek religion; Myth as ritual (enjoy your break: no assignment)
Assignment #21, for Fr. Oct. 17
Zeus & older male gods (summary by Jennifer Parisella, assisted by Christopher Fave and Brian Muckle)
Reading: CM 139-147 (Zeus), 149-151 (Poseidon, Hades), 347-349 (Europa & the Bull), 373-379 (Wanderings of Io)
*Zeus: God of the sky; particullarly associated with the weather; thunderbolt is his weapon.
*Xenia: Instituted by Zeus. Translated as a "formal institution of friendship": Zeus oversees this in his aspect as "Zeus Xenios".
*Horae: "Seasons" Children of Zeus and Themis
*Moerae: "The Fates" Children of Zeus and Themis. They represented the dark and implacable destiny. Typically portrayed as three extremely old women, spinners of the thread of destiny.
1) Clotho- "Spinner" makes the thread
2) Lachesis- "apportioner" measures it
3) Atropos- "she who cannot be turned aside" cuts it off
*Graces: (3) They personify the feminine qualities that make young men attracted to women.
*Mnemosyne: Zeus united with her to produce the Muses (9) who inspire poets and musicians.
*Dione: Considered by some myths to be Aphrodite's mother (with Zeus as the father)
*Ganymede: Young prince of the Trojan war whom Zeus fell in love with. Zeus brought him to Olympus to be his lover and the "cupbearer" to the gods (that is, the young boy who served drink at their feasts)
*Poseidon: "Lord of the Deep" Awarded rule of the sea when the world was split. Often considered god of earthquakes.
*Amphitrite and Triton: Wife and son of Poseidon
*Hades: "The invisible" Ruler of the underworld. He had a helmet, given to him by the Cyclopses which made him invisible.
*Io: Daughter of Melia and Inachus. Zues turned her into a Cow so Hera wouldn't find out of their affair. Hera had the Argus guard Io, but Hermes sang a lulaby and made all 100 eyes fall asleep. He cut of the Argus' head and he rescued Io. Hera next punished her by having a gadfly constantly bite her as she wandered throughout Greece.
*Danaus: King of Libya,who had fifty daughters.(*Danaids) The daughters of Danaus married the sons of Aegyptus (King of Arabia who had fifty sons) and killed 49 of them. Only one, Hypermnestra spared her husband, Lynceus.
*Europa and the Bull: Zeus comes to Europa in the form of a bull and carries her across the sea to Crete. Their children were Minos, Sarpedon, and Rhadamanthys.
Assignment #22, for Mo. Oct. 20
Mystery cults: Demeter & the Eleusinian mysteries (summary by Tina Monoski, assisted by Ryan Erb and Kirsten Brinkman-Hansen)
Key Names:
*Demeter: Associated with grain, harvest and fertility. Mother of Persephone.
*Persephone: Kore "girl", Daughter of Demeter and Zeus. She is taken captive by Hades- to be his wife.
*Hades: God of the underworld. Brother of Zeus. Has Persephone 1/3 of the year.
*Metaneira: Wife of Celeus, Asks Demeter to nurse her newborn son *Demophon. Also mother of the four girls who discover Demeter posing as a mortal at the wall of the Maiden.
*Hermes: Messenger of the Gods; retrieves Persephone from the underworld.
Story summary:
Hades abducted Persephone while she picked flowers. Zeus allowed Hades to do this. Demeter is in deep sorrow, leaves Mt. Olympus, poses as a mortal and goes to The Wall of the Maiden. The daughters of Metaneira and Celeus send her to their house for employment (watching newborn brother Demphon). Demeter raises the boy like a god and uses fire, (associated with immortality) plunging him into the flames to make him immortal. Metaneira caught Demeter trying to change the child. Demeter demands a temple and altar be built in her honor. She spend her time in the alter in mourning over Persephone, sending a plague over the earth's harvest and wouldn't lift it until her daughter was returned to her. Hermes is sent by Zeus to pursuade Hades to let her go. Hades releases her- but not before making her eat a pomegranate seed. This entitles her to spend 2/3 of the year with her mother and 1/3 of the year with Hades in the underworld.
Eleusinian Mysteries The religious cult that was referred to as the Mysteries and was an Agrarian festival designed to promote the growth of grain. * Honored part of Greek Religion. * Similar or parallel to Christianity. * Teaches important things about dying * No immortality implied. * Rebirth and Renewal
Assignment #23, for Wd. Oct. 22
Hermes & Apollo: lies, truth, & art (summary by Matthew Scheidt, assisted by Laura Tobey and Eliza Mumma)
Reading: CM 164-177, 195-210
Apollo and Hermes:
*Apollo - "the far darter" Greek god of prophecy. Also god of the sun and the deadly archer who shot arrows of disease (example: story of Chryses in Homer's Iliad).
*Birth of Apollo - conceived by Leto from Zeus, but Hera was jealous and would not allow her to give birth on "any land that sees the light of day". Eventually Leto gave birth to Apollo and his sister, Artemis, on the islands of Delos and Orygia, respectively.
*Delphi - where Apollo established his oracle and temple. All Greeks payed respect to this cult and Delphi was considered the center/navel of the world.
*Pythia - name given to the prophetess at Delphi whose body was used as an instrument for divine orders - named after the Python, the dragon which Apollo slayed at the site.
*Cassandra - daughter of Hecabe and Priam - she refused Apollo after the god had granted her a wish, so she was cursed with prophetic powers that no one ever believed.
*Sibyl - cursed by Apollo, after also refusing him, to live for as many years as the grains of sand she could hold in her hands, but she did not retain her youth.
*Daphne - a nymph and daughter of Peneus - metamorphosized into a laurel by her father to escape Apollo's pursuits - explains the origin of the laurel wreath that adorns Apollo's head.
*Hyacinth - boy loved by Apollo who died while tossing the discus - the hyacinth flower grew from his blood.
*Coronis - impregnated by Apollo and killed by him after she slept with a mortal, Iscys. To save the baby, Asclepius, it was given to Chiron, the centaur. Asclepius later became the Greek god of medicine.
*Hermes - "he of the stone heap" - messenger of the gods; the trickster; protector of theives, travelers, merchants, and orators; leads the dead into the house of Hades.
*Argus - hundred-eyed monster slain by Hermes who was ordered by Hera to guard Zeus' mistress, Io. Hermes was ever after called the Argeiphontes, "slayer of Argus".
Hermes invented the lyre when he was only hours old, stole the cattle of Apollo and then lied about it to his mother, Maia, and Zeus all on the same day.
*Pan - son of Hermes who was half man and half goat. Pan was revered by shepherds; was concerned with pastures and fertility, often congregated with Satyrs; and invented the reed pipe after pursuing the nymph, Syrinx.
Assignment #24, for Fr.Oct. 24
Apollo & Dionysus: Greeks and the Irrational (summary by Alida McKee, assisted by Rick Dolce and Mark Dooling)
Reading: CM 243-279
==PAPER #2: First Finished Draft DUE==
Dionysus: He was the god of wine and had an identity as a male principle of fertility. He was also referred to as the god of blossoms, the blossoms being the grapes, and the god of drunkenness and sexual license. His emblems are the phallus and the horns of a bull.
Birth and Early Youth of Dionysus *Semele, the princess of the house of Thebes, was impregnated by Zeus, disguised as a mortal. Hera heard of this and tried to put doubt in Semele if the man was really Zeus and not an imposter. Zeus eventually showed Semele his true "glory" and she burned to ashes. Dionysus (the unborn child) was saved by Hermes and given to Zeus. Zeus placed him in his thigh for three months until he was born again. This is why he is called the "twice born" god.
Wandering of Dionysus In Nysa he discovered the art of making wine. He wandered to Egypt, Syria, and Phygia. In Phygia he met Cybele, and gained many devotees. His travels were made in a chariot drawn by two panthers. On his travels, Dionysus met *Midas who wished that everything that he touched would turn to gold. After a short time he asked Dionysus to take back the wish, for even his daughter had been turned to gold. Dionysus then came upon *Ariadne, who had been left on the island of Naxos by *Theseus, who he took for his wife. For a wedding gift he gave her a wonderful crown of gold and precious stones, which was later raised into the sky to become the constellation Corona Borealis.
Resistance to the God The biggest resistance to Dionysus was because of the new religion he brought from the East. In Orchomedes, he was resisted by three daughters of King Minyas: Arsippe, Alcithoe, and Leucippe. Since they would not listen to Dionysus they were overcome by phantoms and ate Leucippe's son and were eventually turned into bats. In Argos he met resistance by the three daughters of the king of Proetus. Because they resisted they developed leprosy, thought they were cows and wandered into the mountains of Arcadia. The same thing happened to many other women in Argos.
Dionysus and the Pirates Pirates grabbed Dionysus off the shore and took him aboard to make him work. He slipped out of shacklings and they knew at that point that he was not mortal. Dionysus made vines grow all around the ship that were loaded with ripened clusters. Dionysus ended up killing the helmsman by turning into a lion and those who jumped overboard turned into dolphins.
Dionysus in Thebes City of his birth, also where he met the most resistance. He wanted to take vengence on Semele's sisters,and his aunts, *Agave (mother of *Pentheus), Autonoe, and Ino. They tried to prove that Semele had not been impregnated by Zeus and that she had been burned for telling such an outrageous lie. He cast a spell of madness over them.
Dionysus's journey to the Land of the Dead Before Dionysus was to rise to Mt. Olympus, he wanted to get his mother out of Hades. He did not know how to get there so he brought Polymnus to show him the way. After pleading he was allowed to bring her back to the real world, but on the way up Polymnus died. So Dionysus took a fig tree and carved a phallus out of it and laid it on his grave. This was the first of many to be found.
Myths of Dionysus It is not clear as to where he got his name and what it means. It could mean "the son of Zeus". Scholars thought that Eastern origins of Dionysus reflected the late introduction of his cult into Greece. He loved creatures that were noted for strength, ferocity, and sexual vitality. He himself often appeared as a bull. He took much vengance upon those who did not accept his divinity.
Cult of Dionysus Greeks believed they could feel his presence in a direct way. His followers experienced 'ekstasi' which means "standing outside oneself". There is also evidence that his followers did practice "eating of raw flesh". The cult appealed to women who wanted stability of the family. In the Christian period, Dionysus came to be viewed as an evil demon with rituals of indulgence and sex.
Dionysus god of Theater Many Greek myths are preserved as the plots of tragedies performed in his honor. But more than 100 years of intensive research cannot find the precise connection between the cult and Greek drama.
Assignment #25, for Mo. Oct. 27
Reflections of Womanhood: Hera, Athena (summary by Steve Gerrity, assisted by Kurt Lange and Melissa Montagino)
Reading: CM 147-148, 191-194
Hera: Zeus's proper wife. She was a goddess of marriage, women's sexuality, and fertility. She is often jealous of Zeus's infidelities, and would punish the women he slept with, and the children of those affairs.
Athena: Goddess who got her name from the city of Athens. She was born from Zeus's head and, as such, is always virginal, and represents reason over elemental forces. She has to do with practical know how that seperates humans from animals.
Arachne: A young woman who boasted that her weaving was better than Athena's, who ruled weaving. Athena, in disguise, tried to warn Arachne not to brag, but she did not listen and insulted Athena. They had a weaving contest, and Arachne did so well that Athena attacked her. Arachne hung herself, but Athena let her live by making her into a spider.
Assignment #26, for Wd. Oct. 29
Reflections of Womanhood: Artemis & Aphrodite (summary by Jeremy Pronchik, assisted by Mike Emmanuel and Josh Roe)
Reading: CM 178-184; 152-162
Artemis: though originates as a mother goddess, paradoxically is a virgin goddess (alluring at that). Daughter of Leto and sister of Apollo, she is the merciless shooter of golden tipped arrows. She is also a lover of music like her brother.
Niobe: proclaimed superiority to Leto for baring more children. All 12 of her children were struck down by the arrows of Apollo and Artemis
Orion: devotee of Artemis and hunter. Raped daughter of Oinopion, a crime for which Oinopion put out is eyes. Orion travels to the eastern horizon and his blindness is cured by the sun. Artemis kills him w/ a scorpion and both are placed in the sky on opposite ends.
Actaeon: Poor soul who stumbles upon Artemis while she is bathing. She turns him into a deer and his own hounds tear him to shreds.
Aphrodite: Goddess of love... more specifically of overwhelming sexual attraction.
Eros: Reckless companion of Aphrodite who fires arrows of love.
Hermaphroditus: Son of Hermes & Aphrodite who is chased by the nymph, Salmacis. Upon taking a bath in a spring, Salmacis clings to him and becomes fused to him producing a figure with male genitalia and breasts.
Pygmalion: King of Cyprus who become disgusted with sleazy women. He creates a statue of a woman who he falls in love with. He prays to the gods that his wife may be ÒSomeone just like my ivory statue.Ó Aphrodite intervenes, Pygmalion cops a feel on the statue and it comes to life.
Adonis: born from a splitting myrrh tree.
Anchises: mortal that Zeus makes Aphrodite fall in love with. He and Aphrodite are the parents of Aeneas.
Side note: AphroditeÕs powers are useless against Athena, Artemis, and Hestia.
Assignment #27, for Fr.Oct. 31
Heroes & hero cults: Oedipus revisited (summary by Alex Bozic, assisted by Todd Boerner and Holly Mann)
Reading: CM 451-462
==PAPER #2: Final Revision DUE==
[FOR THIS SUMMARY ONLY, names not starred need not be memorized, but you should know the stories: thus, for instance, you should know that one of the "Seven against Thebes" declared that "not even Zeus can stop us!" and was struck by a lightning bolt, but you needn't remember the name Capaneus. Or in the story of Tydeus eating his enemy, you need to remember Tydeus (starred earlier), but not Melanippus.]
*Eteocles- and Polynices share power of city equally (one year and other next year) however,eteocles pushed polynices out.
*Polynices goes to Argos and marries Adrastus' daughter.
*Adrastus-king of Argos had daughters, and had to "yoke his daughters to a lion and a boar" he did not understand this, until he saw Polynices and Tydeus fighting. They both had shields, one having a boar on it, and the other having a lion. He finally knew what this meant and gave his daughters to these men.
*Tydeus- Son of Oeneus, had been exiled from Calydon for murder. He married the other daughter of Adrastus. Adrastus had a grudge against Amphiaraus. He wanted to put them in war, where he would indeed die. (revenge)
Amphiaraus- a army hero, killed Adrastus' father, then married Adrastus' sister (Eriphyle). The two men decided to let the sister decide all future disagreements. Adrastus thinking of revenge bribed his sister with the necklace of Harmonia to decide in his favor.
*Oedipus at Colonus--------
*Oedipus- exiled from Thebes, father of *Antigone, *Eteocles *Polynices, and *Ismene.
*Antigone- daughter of Oedipus, was to be the bride of Haemon, also sentenced to death for defying Creon's order not to bury her brother.
*Creon- a "political strong man," learned that someone had buried Antigone's brother. Creon believing it was a conspiracy, sentences Antigone to death by shuting her in a cave. He ultimately causes the death of Antigone and Haemon.
*Tiresias- blind prophet, tells Creon to back off after putting Antigone in the cave, Creon listens but it is too late.
*Haemon- Creon'd son was to marry Antigone, killed himself because Antigone had hung herself.oedipus going to war but blind old man told him to leave.
*Ismene (daughter of oedipus) arrives tells about quarrel of brothers and declared which ever city possesses bones of oedipus cannot be captured. For this reason, creon and thesus try to get oedipus to leave, but he doesn't. Oedipus predicts death of his sons Eteocles and Polynices at each other's hands.
THE BATTLE BEFORE THEBES-------
Tiresias informed thebans that they win war if Menoeceus (creon's son) is sacrificed. M. hears this and kills himself.
battle began-thebans driven back
Capaneus- said Zeus cannot even stop us----he gets hit by a bolt of lightning!
For awhile thebans winning. Melanippus (Theban) fought Tydeus (both wounded). Athena loved Tydeus --begged Zeus for a potion of immortality, but Amphiaraus hated Tydeus (due to war) , so he cut Melanippus head off. Amphiaraus brought head back to Tydeus--he ate it. Athena saw what Tydeus did, she was disgusted. She slapped the potion to the ground, and Tydeus died.
Eteocles and Polynices killed each other in hand to hand combat, as their father, Oedipus, had predicted.
Assignment #28, for Mo. Nov. 3
Hero cults & politics: Theseus revisited (summary by Joy Gicking, assisted by E. J. Crawford and Kirsten Brinkman-Hansen)
Reading: CM 324-344
Aegeus: Brother of Pallas, who together regained power of Athens after death of Cecrops. All of his wives were unable to bear him an heir. Eventually he and Aethra bore son Theseus.
Aethra: Daughter of Pittheus. Had intercourse with Aegeus and afterwards was raped by Poseidon so begot Theseus.
Theseus: Son of Aethra and Aegeus (also known to be conceived partly from immortal Poseidon). Became King of Athens after performing 6 labors like cousin Heracles. The "labors"were criminals or giants that Theseus encountered and disposed of on his way to Athens. Among these was *Procrustes, a criminal torturer and violator of Zeus Xenios, who alternately stretched his guests out, or cut their limbs to size, to make them fit his guest bed.
Antiope: Queen of Amazons taken captive by Theseus, which started Amazonomachy ("battle with the Amazons")
Hippolytus: Son of Antiope and Theseus. Developed a hatred for women and own sexuality. Concentrated on wilderness like mentor Artemis. Rejects advances from stepmother Phaedra and dies a wrongful death by curse from father. (Poseidon, Theseus' father, sends giant bull from the sea in response to curse.)
Phaedra: Wife of Theseus after Antiope. Daughter of Minos and sister of Ariadne. Fell in love with stepson Hippolytus and committed suicide when rejected, leaving a false note saying that Hippolytus raped her. The note causes Theseus to curse Hippolytus.
Pirithous: King of Lapiths and close friend of Theseus. Marries Hippodamia, but later Pirithous persuades Theseus to go with him to the underworld in an attempt to bring back Persephone as his wife. Theseus eventually returns with the help of Heracles, but Pirithous must stay (he dies, in effect).
Hippodamia: First wife of Pirithous. Almost raped by Centaurs, which started the great war between the Lapiths and Centaurs.
Caenus: Lapith who was born as a woman but changed into a man by Poseidon after rape. Made invulnerable but eventually died trying to protect Hippodamia.
Assignment #29 & 30, Wd. 5 & Fr. Nov. 7: review, study for exam, take exam
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