Just-in-time compilation (JIT)¶
For programmer productivity, it often makes sense to code the majority of your application in a high-level language such as Python and only optimize code bottlenecks identified by profiling. One way to speed up these bottlenecks is to compile the code to machine executables, often via an intermediate C or C-like stage. There are two common approaches to compiling Python code - using a Just-In-Time (JIT) compiler and using Cython for Ahead of Time (AOT) compilation.
This notebook mostly illustrates the JIT approach.
%matplotlib inline
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
Utility function for timing functions
import time
from numpy.testing import assert_almost_equal
def timer(f, *args, **kwargs):
start = time.clock()
ans = f(*args, **kwargs)
return ans, time.clock() - start
def report(fs, *args, **kwargs):
ans, t = timer(fs[0], *args, **kwargs)
print('%s: %.1f' % (fs[0].__name__, 1.0))
for f in fs[1:]:
ans_, t_ = timer(f, *args, **kwargs)
print('%s: %.1f' % (f.__name__, t/t_))
Using numexpr¶
One of the simplest approaches is to use
`numexpr <https://github.com/pydata/numexpr>`__ which takes a
numpy expression and compiles a more efficient version of the
numpy expression written as a string. If there is a simple
expression that is taking too long, this is a good choice due to its
simplicity. However, it is quite limited.
import numpy as np
a = np.random.random(int(1e6))
b = np.random.random(int(1e6))
c = np.random.random(int(1e6))
%timeit -r3 -n3 b**2 - 4*a*c
3 loops, best of 3: 9.94 ms per loop
import numexpr as ne
%timeit -r3 -n3 ne.evaluate('b**2 - 4*a*c')
3 loops, best of 3: 1.87 ms per loop
Using numba¶
When it works, the JIT numba can speed up Python code tremendously
with minimal effort.
Documentation for ``numba` <http://numba.pydata.org/numba-doc/0.12.2/index.html>`__
Example 1¶
Plain Python version¶
def matrix_multiply(A, B):
m, n = A.shape
n, p = B.shape
C = np.zeros((m, p))
for i in range(m):
for j in range(p):
for k in range(n):
C[i,j] += A[i,k] * B[k, j]
return C
A = np.random.random((30, 50))
B = np.random.random((50, 40))
Numba jit version¶
import numba
from numba import jit
@jit
def matrix_multiply_numba(A, B):
m, n = A.shape
n, p = B.shape
C = np.zeros((m, p))
for i in range(m):
for j in range(p):
for k in range(n):
C[i,j] += A[i,k] * B[k, j]
return C
%timeit matrix_multiply(A, B)
%timeit matrix_multiply_numba(A, B)
10 loops, best of 3: 38.3 ms per loop
The slowest run took 2092.60 times longer than the fastest. This could mean that an intermediate result is being cached.
10000 loops, best of 3: 63 µs per loop
Numpy version¶
def matrix_multiply_numpy(A, B):
return A.dot(B)
Check that outputs are the same¶
assert_almost_equal(matrix_multiply(A, B), matrix_multiply_numba(A, B))
assert_almost_equal(matrix_multiply(A, B), matrix_multiply_numpy(A, B))
%timeit -r3 -n3 matrix_multiply_numba(A, B)
3 loops, best of 3: 62.9 µs per loop
report([matrix_multiply, matrix_multiply_numba, matrix_multiply_numpy], A, B)
matrix_multiply: 1.0
matrix_multiply_numba: 500.8
matrix_multiply_numpy: 328.1
Pre-compilation by giving specific signature¶
@jit('double[:,:](double[:,:], double[:,:])')
def matrix_multiply_numba_1(A, B):
m, n = A.shape
n, p = B.shape
C = np.zeros((m, p))
for i in range(m):
for j in range(p):
for k in range(n):
C[i,j] += A[i,k] * B[k, j]
return C
%timeit matrix_multiply_numba(A, B)
%timeit matrix_multiply_numba_1(A, B)
10000 loops, best of 3: 65 µs per loop
10000 loops, best of 3: 71.4 µs per loop
Example 2: Using nopython¶
Vectorized Python version¶
def mc_pi(n):
x = np.random.uniform(-1, 1, (n,2))
return 4*np.sum((x**2).sum(1) < 1)/n
n = int(1e6)
%timeit mc_pi(n)
10 loops, best of 3: 54.9 ms per loop
Numba on vectorized version¶
@jit
def mc_pi_numba(n):
x = np.random.uniform(-1, 1, (n,2))
return 4*np.sum((x**2).sum(1) < 1)/n
%timeit mc_pi_numba(n)
10 loops, best of 3: 50.4 ms per loop
Using nopython¶
@jit(nopython=True)
def mc_pi_numba_njit(n):
x = np.random.uniform(-1, 1, (n,2))
return 4*np.sum((x**2).sum(1) < 1)/n
from numba.errors import TypingError
try:
mc_pi_numba_njit(n)
except TypingError:
print("Unable to convert to pure C code.")
Unable to convert to pure C code.
Numba on unrolled version¶
@jit(nopython=True)
def mc_pi_numba_unrolled(n):
s = 0
for i in range(n):
x = np.random.uniform(-1, 1)
y = np.random.uniform(-1, 1)
if (x*x + y*y) < 1:
s += 1
return 4*s/n
%timeit mc_pi_numba_unrolled(n)
10 loops, best of 3: 22.7 ms per loop
Usig cache=True¶
This stores the compiled function in a file and avoids re-compilation on re-running a Python program.
@jit(nopython=True, cache=True)
def mc_pi_numba_unrolled_cache(n):
s = 0
for i in range(n):
x = np.random.uniform(-1, 1)
y = np.random.uniform(-1, 1)
if (x*x + y*y) < 1:
s += 1
return 4*s/n
%timeit mc_pi_numba_unrolled_cache(n)
10 loops, best of 3: 22.9 ms per loop
Using numba vectorize and guvectoize¶
Sometimes it is convenient to use numba to convert functions to
vectorized functions for use in numpy. See
documentation
for details.
from numba import int32, int64, float32, float64
Using vectorize¶
@numba.vectorize()
def f(x, y):
return np.sqrt(x**2 + y**2)
xs = np.random.random(10)
ys = np.random.random(10)
np.array([np.sqrt(x**2 + y**2) for (x, y) in zip(xs, ys)])
array([ 1.17417879, 0.99673188, 1.08354518, 0.34952589, 0.54177337,
0.83519138, 0.87414636, 0.03990384, 0.48380479, 1.29560727])
f(xs, ys)
array([ 1.17417879, 0.99673188, 1.08354518, 0.34952589, 0.54177337,
0.83519138, 0.87414636, 0.03990384, 0.48380479, 1.29560727])
Adding function signatures¶
@numba.vectorize([float64(float64, float64),
float32(float32, float32),
float64(int64, int64),
float32(int32, int32)])
def f_sig(x, y):
return np.sqrt(x**2 + y**2)
f_sig(xs, ys)
array([ 1.17417879, 0.99673188, 1.08354518, 0.34952589, 0.54177337,
0.83519138, 0.87414636, 0.03990384, 0.48380479, 1.29560727])
Using guvectorize¶
Create our own version of inner1d
@numba.guvectorize([(float64[:], float64[:], float64[:])], '(n),(n)->()')
def nb_inner1d(u, v, res):
res[0] = 0
for i in range(len(u)):
res[0] += u[i]*v[i]
xs = np.random.random((3,4))
nb_inner1d(xs, xs)
array([ 1.37655175, 0.64148236, 0.78119023])
Check
from numpy.core.umath_tests import inner1d
inner1d(xs,xs)
array([ 1.37655175, 0.64148236, 0.78119023])
%timeit -r3 -n3 nb_inner1d(xs, xs)
The slowest run took 4.00 times longer than the fastest. This could mean that an intermediate result is being cached.
3 loops, best of 3: 967 ns per loop
%timeit -r3 -n3 inner1d(xs, xs)
The slowest run took 5.28 times longer than the fastest. This could mean that an intermediate result is being cached.
3 loops, best of 3: 1.07 µs per loop
Create our own version of matrix_multiply
@numba.guvectorize([(int64[:,:], int64[:,:], int64[:,:])],
'(m,n),(n,p)->(m,p)')
def nb_matrix_multiply(u, v, res):
m, n = u.shape
n, p = v.shape
for i in range(m):
for j in range(p):
res[i,j] = 0
for k in range(n):
res[i,j] += u[i,k] * v[k,j]
xs = np.random.randint(0, 10, (5, 2, 3))
ys = np.random.randint(0, 10, (5, 3, 2))
nb_matrix_multiply(xs, ys)
array([[[ 56, 7],
[106, 41]],
[[ 72, 52],
[ 17, 12]],
[[ 17, 11],
[ 42, 22]],
[[ 20, 9],
[ 32, 15]],
[[ 52, 50],
[ 87, 118]]])
Check
from numpy.core.umath_tests import matrix_multiply
matrix_multiply(xs, ys)
array([[[ 56, 7],
[106, 41]],
[[ 72, 52],
[ 17, 12]],
[[ 17, 11],
[ 42, 22]],
[[ 20, 9],
[ 32, 15]],
[[ 52, 50],
[ 87, 118]]])
%timeit -r3 -n3 nb_matrix_multiply(xs, ys)
The slowest run took 5.75 times longer than the fastest. This could mean that an intermediate result is being cached.
3 loops, best of 3: 1.33 µs per loop
%timeit -r3 -n3 matrix_multiply(xs, ys)
The slowest run took 9.53 times longer than the fastest. This could mean that an intermediate result is being cached.
3 loops, best of 3: 1.33 µs per loop
Parallelization with vectorize and guvectorize¶
@numba.vectorize([float64(float64, float64),
float32(float32, float32),
float64(int64, int64),
float32(int32, int32)],
target='parallel')
def f_parallel(x, y):
return np.sqrt(x**2 + y**2)
xs = np.random.random(int(1e8))
ys = np.random.random(int(1e8))
%timeit f(xs, ys)
1 loop, best of 3: 744 ms per loop
%timeit f_parallel(xs, ys)
1 loop, best of 3: 185 ms per loop
Mandelbrot example with numba¶
Pure Python
# color function for point at (x, y)
def mandel(x, y, max_iters):
c = complex(x, y)
z = 0.0j
for i in range(max_iters):
z = z*z + c
if z.real*z.real + z.imag*z.imag >= 4:
return i
return max_iters
def create_fractal(xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax, image, iters):
height, width = image.shape
pixel_size_x = (xmax - xmin)/width
pixel_size_y = (ymax - ymin)/height
for x in range(width):
real = xmin + x*pixel_size_x
for y in range(height):
imag = ymin + y*pixel_size_y
color = mandel(real, imag, iters)
image[y, x] = color
gimage = np.zeros((1024, 1536), dtype=np.uint8)
xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax = np.array([-2.0, 1.0, -1.0, 1.0]).astype('float32')
iters = 50
start = time.clock()
create_fractal(xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax, gimage, iters)
dt = time.clock() - start
print("Mandelbrot created on CPU in %f s" % dt)
plt.grid(False)
plt.imshow(gimage, cmap='jet')
pass
Mandelbrot created on CPU in 15.738658 s
Numba
from numba import uint32, float32
The jit decorator can also be called as a regular function
mandel_numba = jit(uint32(float32, float32, uint32))(mandel)
@jit
def create_fractal_numba(xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax, image, iters):
height, width = image.shape
pixel_size_x = (xmax - xmin)/width
pixel_size_y = (ymax - ymin)/height
for x in range(width):
real = xmin + x*pixel_size_x
for y in range(height):
imag = ymin + y*pixel_size_y
color = mandel_numba(real, imag, iters)
image[y, x] = color
gimage = np.zeros((1024, 1536), dtype=np.uint8)
xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax = np.array([-2.0, 1.0, -1.0, 1.0]).astype('float32')
iters = 50
start = time.clock()
create_fractal_numba(xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax, gimage, iters)
dt = time.clock() - start
print("Mandelbrot created wiht Numba in %f s" % dt)
plt.grid(False)
plt.imshow(gimage, cmap='jet')
pass
Mandelbrot created wiht Numba in 0.243637 s
